Arthritis

Several trace elements, such as boron and magnesium are essential for normal development of the bone and joint in humans.[1]

Epidemiologic evidence that in areas of the world where boron intakes usually are 1.0 mg or less/day the estimated incidence of arthritis ranges from 20 to 70%, whereas in areas of the world where boron intakes are usually 3 to 10 mg, the estimated incidence of arthritis ranges from 0 to 10%.[2]

Cadmium exposure may influence negatively the level of essential elements, such as zinc, iron, manganese, nickel, chromium at the cartilage, possibly exacerbating cartilage degeneration due to the reduction of proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan, which are key components in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage[1]

[1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8732765/

[2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889887/